High Intensity Electric Energy Stores

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15.07.11 The division head of the researches in the sphere of the superconductivity Victor Sytnikov (R&D Center for power engineering) made the appearance to the FGS UES management personnel
The second appearance under the formed plan of the monthly statements of the “R&D Center for power engineering” leading researches was held for the management personnel of the “FGS UES” JSC.

12.07.11 The representatives of “R&D Center for power engineering” JSC took part in the innovative projects expertise under the forum “Seliger-2011”
From July 6 till July 7, 2011 the specialists of “R&D Center for power engineering” took part in the R&D innovative projects expertise from the youth innovative center “System-Sarov” in the line of “energy efficiency and power saving” under the National youth forum “Seliger-2011”

04.07.11 Siemens LLC and “R&D Center for power engineering” signed the cooperation agreement
The opening ceremony of the plant “Siemens HV devices” LLC (Voronezh) was held the 1 June 2011.

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HIGH INTENSITY ELECTRIC ENERGY STORES

High-capacity electric energy stores:

Electrostatic: high-capacity accumulator batteries
Energy stores based on molecular capacitors;
Energy stores based on low-temperature superconductors.

Electric energy stores are a critical component of active-adaptive grid systems of the future. They perform a number of functions:

equalizing network loads (storing electric energy in times of cheap surplus energy and making it available in times of shortage);
molecular capacitor-based energy stores;
enhancing and expanding reliability limits (in combination with FACTS devices)
ensuring continuous power supply of critical facilities and internal needs at power plants and substations;
damping of capacity fluctuations, stabilizing low-inertia, decentralized power supply sources.

RDCPE offers the following services for installing and commissioning high-capacity energy stores:

feasibility studies;
recommendations on siting;
design of hybrid energy stores;
recommendations on stores structure;
implementation of energy stores control systems.

Background

Energy stores are divided into the following groups: a) electrostatic energy stores, including high-capacity accumulator batteries (HCAB), b) molecular capacitor based energy stores, and low temperature superconductor energy stores (gel cooling).

Electrostatic high-capacity accumulator batteries (HCAB)
All electrostatic energy stores connect to the grid through current or voltage transformers. HCAB devices are currently widely manufactured and used abroad.

HCAB:

Electrolyte type:	Facility	Power, MVt	Operation time, min	Input year
Sulfur acid	BEWAG, power supply in West Berlin	8.5	20	1990
	Reserves and frequency maintenance in Puerto Rico’s low-capacity grid	20	15	1998
	Chinno (California) – various facilities to research capabilities for load, frequency, voltage and reactive power capabilities	10	240	1986
Nickel-cadmium	GVEA, continuous power supply of Alaskan coastal areas near Anchorage	40	15	2003
Sulfur-sodium	Rokkacho wind station, Japan, a total of 100 commissioned facilities	34	600	2008
Zinc-bromide	Power plant at Detroit Edison Site, Michigan – internal voltage needs service	0,4	480	2001
Vanadium-redux	One of Japan’s high technology plants – equalization of load schedules	1,5	60	2001

Molecular capacitor -based energy stores
Molecular capacitors are undergoing trials. One of the uses of superconductors is in Superconductor Inductor Energy Stores (SIES). Currently, popular solutions include mobile SIES of modest capacity (up to 106 J). They can be employed more widely after development and commissioning of similar devices based on high-temperature superconductors. The primary use of SIES in the energy sector is as an effective vehicle to increase mode reliability and stability of electric energy systems. The features that make it possible are rapid response, high efficiency ratios, full automatic input and output of energy, high energy capacity and regulation of both active and reactive capacity. It is expected that inexpensive energy stores with sufficient capacity will be available by 2016 – 2020.

Electromagnetic energy stores

Electromagnetic energy stores come in two types:

synchronized units with primary circuit frequency converters by the shaft flywheels;
asynchronized units with shaft flywheels.

Presently no outstanding practical limitations remain for development of energy stores of the former type with capacity of up to 300-400 MVt, and of the latter type of 800-1,600 MVt. The first type features a substantial range of velocity fluctuation, and high capacity to use kinetic energy of revolving parts; the second type can operate in the range of RPMs regulation of 50% of the synchronized machines and has a lower converter capacity compared to the first group (for the first group, converter capacity equals the machine capacity, and for the second group, converter capacity is proportionate to the control depth). It is also less expensive and can be built to accommodate high capacity. Russian researchers have developed a prototype for a 200 MVt flywheel energy store based on an asynchronized vertical machine.

Energy stores can also be based on a super-flywheel design. A super-flywheel is made of highly stable carbon fibers made by nanotechnology process, and has a storage density of 5-15 MJ per kilo, or 1.4 – 4.17 kVt per hour per kilo – the numbers that cannot be achieved by any other known type of machines, whether electrochemical battery-based, capacitor-based or spring-based, and are made possible by the colossal velocity levels of the superflywheel.